方言学 Dialectology 影印本【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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BACKGROUND3

1 Dialect and language3

1.1 Mutual intelligibility3

1.2 Language,dialect and accent4

1.3 Geographical dialect continua5

1.4 Social dialect continua7

1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy9

1.6 Discreteness and continuity12

Further information12

2 Dialect geography13

2.1 The impetus for dialect geography13

2.2 An outline history of dialect geography15

2.3 The methods of dialect geography21

2.3.1 The questionnaire21

2.3.2 Linguistic maps25

2.3.3 The selection of informants29

Further information31

3 Dialectology and linguistics32

3.1 Dialectology and philology32

3.2 Structural dialectology33

3.2.1 Inventory,distribution and incidence36

3.2.2 Lexical correspondences37

3.3 Generative dialectology39

3.4 Polylectal grammars42

Further information44

4 Urban dialectology45

4.1 Social dialects45

4.2 Urban dialects45

4.3 Representativeness47

4.4 Obtaining data48

4.5 Classifying informants49

4.6 The linguistic variable49

Further information53

SOCIAL VARIATION57

5 Social differentiation and language57

5.1 Language and social class57

5.2 Stylistic differentiation59

5.3 Sex differentiation61

5.4 Other aspects of social differentiation in language63

5.4.1 Language and ethnic group63

5.4.2 Social newtworks64

5.4.3 Individual characteristics67

Further information68

6 Sociolinguistic structure and linguistic innovation70

6.1 Indicators and markers70

6.1.1 Overt stigmatisation72

6.1.2 Linguistic change72

6.1.3 Phonological contrast73

6.1.4 Stereotypes75

6.2 The study of linguistic change76

6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation78

6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change81

6.3.1 Stylistic variation82

6.3.2 The role of sex83

6.3.3 Covert prestige85

Further information86

SPATIAL VARIATION89

7 Boundaries89

7.1 Isoglosses89

7.2 Patterns of isoglosses91

7.2.1 Criss-cross91

7.2.2 Transitions93

7.2.3 Relic areas94

7.3 Bundles94

7.4 Grading of isoglosses96

7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses100

7.6 Isoglosses and dialect variation103

Further information103

8 Transitions104

8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition104

8.2 Introduction to the variables105

8.3 The transition zone for（u）106

8.4 Mixed and fudged lects110

8.5 The variable（a）113

8.6 Transitions in general118

8.7 Dialect variation and mapping118

8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands119

8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation120

8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly121

Further information123

MECHANISMS OF VARIATION127

9 Variability127

9.1 The variable as a structural unit127

9.1.1 Variability as accidental128

9.1.2 Variability as essential128

9.1.3 Variable constraints130

9.2 Implicational scales131

9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama132

9.2.2 （C？）in northern England133

9.3 Handling quantitative data135

9.4 Quantifying geographic variables136

9.4.1 Dialectometry137

9.4.2 Multidimensional scaling140

9.4.3 A transition zone in Ohio142

9.4.4 Correspondence analysis of the matrix144

9.4.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance147

Further information148

10 Diffusion:sociolinguistic and lexical149

10.1 Real time and apparent time149

10.1.1 Age-graded changes151

10.2 Innovators of change153

10.2.1 A class-based innovation in Norwich153

10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast155

10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe157

10.3 Lexical diffusion159

Further information165

11 Diffusion:geographical166

11.1 Spatial diffusion of language167

11.2 Spatial linguistics167

11.3 Linguistic areas168

11.4 Uvular /r/ in Europe170

11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy172

11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion176

11.6.1 The Norwegian study177

11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography178

11.8 Further refinements to the model185

Further information186

12 Cohesion in dialectology187

Further information189

References190

Index198