FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION1

1.1 What and How？2

1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations3

1.2.1 Conduction3

1.2.2 Convection6

1.2.3 Radiation9

1.2.4 Relationship to Thermodynamics13

1.3 The Conservation of Energy Requirement13

1.3.1 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume14

1.3.2 The Surface Energy Balance19

1.3.3 Application of the Conservation Laws：Methodology21

1.4 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems：Methodology22

1.5 Relevance of Heat Transfer23

1.6 Units and Dimensions24

1.7 Summary27

Problems29

Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTION43

2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation44

2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter46

2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity47

2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties51

2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation53

2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions62

2.5 Summary65

References66

Problems66

Chapter 3 ONE-DIMENSIONAL，STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION79

3.1 The Plane Wall80

3.1.1 Temperature Distribution80

3.1.2 Thermal Resistance82

3.1.3 The Composite Wall84

3.1.4 Contact Resistance86

3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis92

3.3 Radial Systems96

3.3.1 The Cylinder97

3.3.2 The Sphere103

3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results107

3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation108

3.5.1 The Plane Wall108

3.5.2 Radial Systems114

3.5.3 Application of Resistance Concepts119

3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces119

3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis122

3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area123

3.6.3 Fin Performance130

3.6.4 Overall Surface Efficiency134

3.6.5 Fin Contact Resistance138

3.7 Summary141

References142

Problems142

Chapter 4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL，STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION171

4.1 Alternative Approaches172

4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables173

4.3 The Graphical Method177

4.3.1 Methodology of Constructing a Flux Plot178

4.3.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate179

4.3.3 The Conduction Shape Factor180

4.4 Finite-Difference Equations184

4.4.1 The Nodal Network185

4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation185

4.4.3 The Energy Balance Method187

4.5 Finite-Difference Solutions194

4.5.1 The Matrix Inversion Method194

4.5.2 Gauss-Seidel Iteration200

4.5.3 Some Precautions203

4.6 Summary203

References204

Problems204

Chapter 5 TRANSIENT CONDUCTION225

5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method226

5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method229

5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis234

5.4 Spatial Effects237

5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection239

5.5.1 Exact Solution239

5.5.2 Approximate Solution240

5.5.3 Total Energy Transfer240

5.5.4 Graphical Representations242

5.6 Radial Systems with Convection245

5.6.1 Exact Solutions245

5.6.2 Approximate Solutions246

5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer247

5.6.4 Graphical Representation249

5.7 The Semi-infinite Solid259

5.8 Multidimensional Effects263

5.9 Finite-Difference Methods270

5.9.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation：The Explicit Method271

5.9.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation：The Implicit Method279

5.10 Summary287

References287

Problems288

Chapter 6 INTRODUCTION TO CONVECTION312

6.1 The Convection Transfer Problem312

6.2 The Convection Boundary Layers318

6.2.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer318

6.2.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer319

6.2.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer320

6.2.4 Significance of the Boundary Layers323

6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow324

6.4 The Convection Transfer Equations326

6.4.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer326

6.4.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer331

6.4.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer335

6.5 Approximations and Special Conditions341

6.6 Boundary Layer Similarity：The Normalized Convection Transfer Equations343

6.6.1 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters344

6.6.2 Functional Form of the Solutions346

6.7 Physical Significance of the Dimensionless Parameters351

6.8 Boundary Layer Analogies355

6.8.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy355

6.8.2 Evaporative Cooling359

6.8.3 The Reynolds Analogy363

6.9 The Effects of Turbulence364

6.10 The Convection Coefficients367

6.11 Summary368

References368

Problems369

Chapter 7 EXTERNAL FLOW385

7.1 The Empirical Method387

7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow389

7.2.1 Laminar Flow：A Similarity Solution389

7.2.2 Turbulent Flow396

7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions397

7.2.4 Special Cases399

7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation401

7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow408

7.4.1 Flow Considerations408

7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer411

7.5 The Sphere417

7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes420

7.7 Impinging Jets431

7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations431

7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer433

7.8 Packed Beds438

7.9 Summary440

References441

Problems442

Chapter 8 INTERNAL FLOW467

8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations468

8.1.1 Flow Conditions468

8.1.2 The Mean Velocity469

8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region470

8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully Developed Flow472

8.2 Thermal Considerations474

8.2.1 The Mean Temperature475

8.2.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling476

8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions476

8.3 The Energy Balance480

8.3.1 General Considerations480

8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux482

8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature485

8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes：Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations489

8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region489

8.4.2 The Entry Region494

8.5 Convection Correlations：Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes495

8.6 Convection Correlations：Noncircular Tubes501

8.7 The Concentric Tube Annulus502

8.8 Heat Transfer Enhancement504

8.9 Convection Mass Transfer505

8.10 Summary507

References509

Problems510

Chapter 9 FREE CONVECTION529

9.1 Physical Considerations530

9.2 The Governing Equations533

9.3 Similarity Considerations535

9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface536

9.5 The Effects of Turbulence539

9.6 Empirical Correlations：External Free Convection Flows541

9.6.1 The Vertical Plate542

9.6.2 Inclined and Horizontal Plates546

9.6.3 The Long Horizontal Cylinder550

9.6.4 Spheres553

9.7 Free Convection within Parallel Plate Channels555

9.7.1 Vertical Channels555

9.7.2 Inclined Channels558

9.8 Empirical Correlations：Enclosures558

9.8.1 Rectangular Cavities559

9.8.2 Concentric Cylinders562

9.8.3 Concentric Spheres563

9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection566

9.10 Convection Mass Transfer567

9.11 Summary567

References568

Problems570

Chapter 10 BOILING AND CONDENSATION587

10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation588

10.2 Boiling Modes589

10.3 Pool Boiling590

10.3.1 The Boiling Curve590

10.3.2 Modes of Pool Boiling592

10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations596

10.4.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling596

10.4.2 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling597

10.4.3 Minimum Heat Flux598

10.4.4 Film Pool Boiling599

10.4.5 Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling600

10.5 Forced-Convection Boiling606

10.5.1 External Forced-Convection Boiling606

10.5.2 Two-Phase Flow607

10.6 Condensation：Physical Mechanisms608

10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate610

10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation615

10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems619

10.10 Film Condensation in Horizontal Tubes622

10.11 Dropwise Condensation623

10.12 Summary624

References624

Problems627

Chapter 11 HEAT EXCHANGERS639

11.1 Heat Exchanger Types640

11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient642

11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis：Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference645

11.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger646

11.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger649

11.3.3 Special Operating Conditions650

11.3.4 Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers650

11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis：The Effectiveness-NTU Method658

11.4.1 Definitions658

11.4.2 Effectiveness-NTU Relations660

11.5 Methodology of a Heat Exchanger Calculation666

11.6 Compact Heat Exchangers672

11.7 Summary678

References679

Problems680

Chapter 12 RADIATION：PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES695

12.1 Fundamental Concepts696

12.2 Radiation Intensity699

12.2.1 Definitions699

12.2.2 Relation to Emission702

12.2.3 Relation to Irradiation706

12.2.4 Relation to Radiosity708

12.3 Blackbody Radiation709

12.3.1 The Planck Distribution710

12.3.2 Wien’s Displacement Law712

12.3.3 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law712

12.3.4 Band Emission713

12.4 Surface Emission719

12.5 Surface Absorption，Reflection，and Transmission729

12.5.1 Absorptivity731

12.5.2 Reflectivity732

12.5.3 Transmissivity734

12.5.4 Special Considerations734

12.6 Kirchhoff’s Law740

12.7 The Gray Surface742

12.8 Environmental Radiation749

12.9 Summary756

References758

Problems759

Chapter 13 RADIATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN SURFACES791

13.1 The View Factor792

13.1.1 The View Factor Integral792

13.1.2 View Factor Relations794

13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange803

13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Diffuse，Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure806

13.3.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface806

13.3.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces808

13.3.3 The Two-Surface Enclosure814

13.3.4 Radiation Shields816

13.3.5 The Reradiating Surface819

13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer824

13.5 Additional Effects827

13.5.1 Volumetric Absorption828

13.5.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption829

13.6 Summary833

References833

Problems834

Chapter 14 DIFFUSION MASS TRANSFER871

14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations872

14.1.1 Physical Origins872

14.1.2 Mixture Composition873

14.1.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion875

14.1.4 Restrictive Conditions875

14.1.5 Mass Diffusion Coefficient880

14.2 Conservation of Species880

14.2.1 Conservation of Species for a Control Volume881

14.2.2 The Mass Diffusion Equation881

14.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions884

14.4 Mass Diffusion Without Homogeneous Chemical Reactions888

14.4.1 Stationary Media with Specified Surface Concentrations889

14.4.2 Stationary Media with Catalytic Surface Reactions893

14.4.3 Equimolar Counterdiffusion896

14.4.4 Evaporation in a Column900

14.5 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions902

14.6 Transient Diffusion906

References910

Problems911

Appendix A THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER921

Appendix B MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS953

Appendix C AN INTEGRAL LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER SOLUTION FOR PARALLEL FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE959

Index965